Key Points • Lymphangiogenesis occurs in four distinct regular phases: lymphatic competence, lymphatic commitment, lymphatic speciation, and lymphatic maturation. • Vascular endothelial growth factor C and vascular endothelial growth factor…
Key Points • Lymphoscintigraphy is an objective and reliable imaging modality for diagnosing lymphedema, categorizing its severity, and guiding appropriate treatment. • The diagnostic utility of lymphoscintigraphy depends upon meticulous…
Key Points • Primary extremity lymphedema is a debilitating disease with a reported incidence of 1–3 in every 10,000 births, and it may present with concomitant vascular lesions or retroperitoneal…
Key Points • Precise knowledge about normal lymphatic anatomy in the upper and lower extremities can empower practitioners to distinguish structural changes occurring in lymphedema. • Lymphatic anatomy in lymphedema…
Introduction Lymphedema can develop as a result of developmental or genetic abnormalities intrinsic to the lymphatic system (primary lymphedema) or secondary to extrinsic factors (infections, trauma, malignancy, obesity, etc.) that…
“Declare the past, diagnose the present, foretell the future.” –Hippocrates. Overview The surgical treatment of lymphedema has evolved tremendously since the early 21st century. With the advances in microsurgical techniques,…
History of Present Illness A 79-year-old man presented to the outpatient pulmonary clinic with upper right opacity that was demonstrated on chest radiography, which had been performed during follow-up for…
History of Present Illness A 35-year-old Caucasian man presented to the emergency room with sudden worsening of breathlessness, right chest pain, and dry cough. Past Medical History He worked as…
History of Present Illness A 58-year-old Caucasian man was taken to the emergency room (ER) after a motorcycle accident (collision with a car). The patient had thoracic and head trauma….
History of Present Illness A 21-year-old Caucasian woman went to the emergency room complaining of cough, with three episodes of mild hemoptysis. The previous day she had a high fever…
