4. Cardiology
“All great artists draw from the same resource: the human heart, which tells us that we are all more alike than we are unalike.”- Maya Angelou 4.1 Atherosclerosis Source: Hypertension….
3. Pulmonology
“The act of breathing is living” 3.1 Acute Respiratory Failure Acute onset of shortness of breath (SOB) or acute respiratory decompensation is a common emergency condition. This can occur due…
5. Acid-Base Disorders
“An interesting fact about pH is that it is measured in log scale—meaning pH of 6 is 10 times more acidic than pH of 7 and 100 times more acidic…
Part III Cardiac Abnormalities
9 Valvular Heart Disease 9. 1 Aortic Stenosis 9. 1.1 Aortic Stenosis, General Fig. 9.1 Top: Calcified semilunar cusps in aortic stenosis. Bottom: Pressure overload causes concentric left ventricular hypertrophy….
Part II M-Mode and Doppler Echocardiography
7 M-Mode Echocardiography 7. 1 Principle of M-Mode Echocardiography Fig. 7.1 M-mode echocardiography provides unidimensional imaging of moving objects over time. Only the top point of the soccer ball is…
Part I Examination
1 Imaging and Patient Position 1. 1 Transducer and Imaging Planes Fig. 1.1 Top: The phased-array transducers commonly used in echocardiography bear markings to indicate the scan plane. Bottom: The…
Race is not a risk factor: Reframing discourse on racial health inequities in CVD prevention
We respectfully submit this letter in response to the March 2021 state-of-the-art review article “Ten things to know about ten cardiovascular disease risk factors” . Although the article effectively summarizes…
Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Treatment Rates in High Risk Patients: More Disappointment Despite Ever More Refined Evidence-Based Guidelines.
American physicians are now treating dyslipidemia according to a fifth iteration of national guidelines for the use of lipid-lowering therapies . These guidelines are developed with considerable care and deliberation…
Geographic variations in lipid-lowering therapy utilization, LDL-C levels, and proportion retrospectively meeting the ACC/AHA very high-risk criteria in a real-world population of patients with major atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events in the United States
Abstract Objective We assessed national- and state-level geographic variations among patients with a history of ≥1 major atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) event in: (1) the proportion of patients with retrospectively…
Optimizing sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor use in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: A collaborative clinical practice statement
Highlights • HFrEF is a debilitating disease with substantial morbidity, mortality, and costs. • SGLT2i reduce adverse cardiovascular (including HF) and renal events. • SGLT2i have ushered in a new…
