Pericardial Disease
Pericardial Disease Yaquta Kaka Brent C. Lampert INTRODUCTION The pericardium is the site of many cardiac diseases that display classic physical examination signs and symptoms, imaging findings, and hemodynamic changes….
Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary Hypertension Saurabh Rajpal Jeremy Slivnick William H. Marshall V Zachary Garrett INTRODUCTION Rapid growth in understanding the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and introduction of new medications in the…
Prosthetic Valve Dysfunction
Prosthetic Valve Dysfunction Shuktika Nandkeolyar Dmitry Abramov Helme Silvet Purvi Parwani INTRODUCTION Epidemiology The prevalence of patients with prosthetic heart valves (PHVs) is growing quickly. With the advent of transcatheter…
Infective Endocarditis
Infective Endocarditis Jeffrey A. Dixson Jeffrey Gaca Todd L. Kiefer INTRODUCTION Since its early descriptions by Osler in 1885, infective endocarditis (IE) has been recognized as a “vexing” problem, challenging…
Aortic Valve Disease
Aortic Valve Disease Laurie Bossory Goike Antonios Pitsis Konstantinos Dean Boudoulas INTRODUCTION Aortic valvular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although the incidence of aortic regurgitation…
ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Ranjan Dahal Debabrata Mukherjee INTRODUCTION Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is defined as an acute myocardial injury with detection of a rise and/or fall of cardiac troponin (cTn)…
Adult-Acquired Tricuspid and Pulmonary Valve Disease
Adult-Acquired Tricuspid and Pulmonary Valve Disease Maureen E. Cheung Bryan A. Whitson INTRODUCTION Right-sided valve disease can occur from a number of primary and secondary causes. These processes are often…
Mitral Valve Disease
Mitral Valve Disease Nicholas S. Amoroso Jessica Atkins Valerian Fernandes INTRODUCTION The mitral valve (MV) regulates blood flow between the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV) of the heart….
Refractory Angina
Refractory Angina Anbukarasi Maran Katrina A. E. L. Bidwell Valerian Fernandes INTRODUCTION Angina pectoris is the symptom complex resulting from mismatch in myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Most commonly, this…
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Rheumatic Heart Disease Gbemiga Sofowora INTRODUCTION Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease remain prevalent in the developing world although their incidence has declined substantially in Western countries, except in…
