The Cardiac Conduction System
The Sinoatrial Node The sinoatrial node (SAN) is the pacemaker of the human heart ( Fig. 28.1 ). In visceroatrial situs solitus, the normal pattern of anatomic organization of the…
What Prevents and What Permits the Embryonic Great Arterial Switch?
Basic Principles 1. When the situs (or pattern of anatomic organization) of the subarterial infundibulum and the situs of the great arteries are the same (concordant), the great arteries are…
Double-Outlet Right Ventricle
Double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) is what Vierordt called partial transposition of the great arteries (TGA) in 1898, meaning that only the aorta was transposed from the left ventricle (LV) to…
Anatomically Corrected Malposition of the Great Arteries
Anatomically corrected malposition of the great arteries is defined as malposition of the great arteries in which both great arteries nevertheless arise above the morphologically appropriate ventricles, aorta above the…
Single Ventricle
Single ventricle means that one ventricular sinus, body, or inflow tract is present; in other words, one ventricular sinus, body, or inflow tract is absent. In single LV (morphologically left…
Conclusions
The new information, also presented in Chapter 15, Chapter 26, Chapter 27 , raises questions about how best to name and define various types of congenital heart disease. Consider, for…
Infundibuloarterial Situs Equations and Analysis
There is so much that is new in Chapter 22, Chapter 23, Chapter 24, Chapter 25, Chapter 26 , it may be helpful to summarize and to integrate this new…
Tricuspid Valve Anomalies
How many anatomically different kinds of malformation can befall the tricuspid valve? Our database suggests that the answer is at least 12 ( Table 13.1 ). TABLE 13.1 Anatomic Types…
Superoinferior Ventricles
The malformation known as superoinferior (SI) ventricles is characterized typically by a superior morphologically right ventricle (RV), an inferior morphologically left ventricle (LV), and a relatively horizontal ventricular septum (VS)….
Ventricular Septal Defects
In 1989, Dr. John Kirklin asked me how I thought ventricular septal defects (VSDs) should be described, named, and classified. Soto, Ceballos, and Kirklin were just about to publish their…
