Elbow—Distal Humerus
Elbow—Distal Humerus Maya Pring Vidyadhar Upasani INTRODUCTION In our hospital, it is rare to get through a call night without at least one supracondylar fracture that needs to be fixed….
Fast and Narrow
Fast and Narrow Mechanisms Underlying Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias Reentry Reentry occurs when the refractory periods and conduction speeds of two separate pathways differ. The initial impulse (marked by blue star) is…
QT Abnormalities and Electrolyte Disturbances
QT Abnormalities and Electrolyte Disturbances The QT Interval The QT interval represents ventricular depolarization and repolarization (phase 0-3 of the action potential, Fig. 8.1). The length of the QT interval…
Shoulder and Humeral Shaft
Shoulder and Humeral Shaft Vidyadhar Upasani Maya Pring INTRODUCTION Fractures of the proximal humerus and humeral shaft are common during birth and childhood. These fractures have an amazing potential to…
Voltage Abnormalities
Voltage Abnormalities The Low-Voltage ECG Criteria Voltage is considered low in the limb leads when the average QRS amplitude is less than 5 mm and low in the precordial leads…
Abnormal T Waves
Abnormal T Waves The Normal T Wave The T wave represents rapid repolarization (phase 3 of the action potential). The normal T wave is asymmetric with a gradual slope followed…
Abnormal QRS Morphology
Abnormal QRS Morphology Brugada Pattern and Syndrome Pathogenesis Brugada syndrome is an autosomally dominant inherited disease (with incomplete penetrance) known for causing sudden death in patients with structurally normal hearts….
AV Conduction Blocks
AV Conduction Blocks First-Degree AV Block First-degree AV block is a delay in conduction, not a true block. First-degree block represents conduction delay somewhere between the sinus node and ventricles….
Premature Beats
Premature Beats Premature Atrial Complex Premature atrial complexes (PACs) arise from an ectopic focus anywhere in the atria, including the coronary sinus and pulmonary veins. Most often, PACs are asymptomatic…
Bundle Branch and Fascicular Blocks
Bundle Branch and Fascicular Blocks Right Bundle-Branch Block 1. Septal Depolarization In the presence of a right bundle-branch block (RBBB), septal depolarization occurs in a normal left-to-right pattern (orange arrow)…
