Abstract Cardiac arrhythmias are a common problem in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), particularly after they have undergone reparative or palliative surgical procedures. Atrial tachyarrhythmias are the most prevalent,…
Abstract Normally, the entire mass of ventricular myocardium is depolarized in about 80 to 100 milliseconds. The term intraventricular conduction disturbances (IVCDs) refers to abnormalities in the intraventricular propagation of…
Abstract While conventional mapping techniques, guided by fluoroscopy, have been very successful in guiding mapping and ablation of stable arrhythmias with predictable anatomical locations or characteristics identifying endocardial electrograms, those…
Abstract Cardiac mapping refers to the process of identifying the temporal and spatial distributions of myocardial electrical potentials during a particular heart rhythm. Mapping aims at elucidation of the mechanism…
Abstract Invasive electrophysiological (EP) testing involves recording a portion of cardiac electrical activity and programmed cardiac electrical stimulation via multipolar catheter electrodes positioned percutaneously strategically at various locations within the…
Abstract Atrioventricular (AV) block can be defined as a delay or interruption in the transmission of an impulse from the atria to the ventricles caused by an anatomical or functional…
Abstract Radiofrequency (RF) is the most frequently used mode of ablation energy for most atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. A major limitation of standard RF ablation is the relatively small depth…
Abstract Automaticity is the property of cardiac cells to initiate an impulse spontaneously, without need for prior stimulation. Triggered activity is impulse initiation in cardiac fibers caused by depolarizing oscillations…
Abstract Sinus node dysfunction (SND) refers to a wide range of abnormalities involving sinus node impulse generation and propagation, leading to the inability of the sinus node to generate heart…
Abstract Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that regulate the flow of ions passively down their electrochemical gradient across the membrane. Ion channels are present on all membranes of cells…
