Echocardiography
Most patients with congenital heart lesions are diagnosed in infancy or childhood and then undergo palliative and/or reparative surgery. Despite ongoing advances in cardiac surgery and intervention, residual anatomic and…
Venous Shunts and the Fontan Circulation in Adult Congenital Heart Disease
Venous shunts are surgical reconstructions involving an anastomosis between one or both venae cavae to one or both pulmonary arteries (PAs), and were developed to palliate infants born without two…
Cardiac Morphology and Nomenclature
The care of adults with congenital heart malformations has evolved into a specialty in its own right. The malformations are conceived by the general cardiologist as extremely complex, requiring a…
Arrhythmias in Adult Congenital Heart Disease
The great successes of congenital heart surgery have created a new class of cardiology patient: the adult with congenital heart disease (CHD). It is estimated that there are nearly three…
Invasive Electrophysiology
Patients who have undergone repair of congenital heart disease are at risk of atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD), both because of their arrhythmia substrate and their…
Cardiac Computed Tomography
Over the past few decades, advances in pediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery have revolutionized the prospect for patients with adult congenital heart disease (ACHD). Although cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR)…
Late Repair and Reoperations in Adult Congenital Heart Disease
The number of adult patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) is increasing due to improving outcomes after neonatal and infant surgery. Some 85% of neonates with CHD survive into adult…
Clinical Assessment
† Deceased. Congenital malformations of the heart, by definition, originate in the embryo, then evolve during gestation, and change considerably during the course of extrauterine life. Before World War II,…
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) gives unrestricted access to the heart and great vessels noninvasively and without ionizing radiation. It can provide biventricular functional assessment, flow measurement, myocardial viability assessment, angiography,…
Late Complications Following the Fontan Operation
The univentricular heart encompasses a spectrum of rare and complex congenital cardiac malformations whereby both atria predominantly egress into one functionally single ventricular chamber, precluding biventricular repair. Population studies indicate…
