Equipment Commonly Utilized in CTO Interventions
Name Type Manufacturer Pages Amplatz gooseneck snare Snare Covidien 76 Angiosculpt Scoring balloon Spectranetics 281 Astato XS 20 Very stiff (20 gr tip load), tapered tip guidewire Asahi Intecc 63…
Stenting of Chronic Total Occlusion Lesions
Abstract Restenosis can be high after chronic total occlusion (CTO) treatment with balloon angioplasty or bare metal stents (BMS). Drug-eluting stents (DES) significantly reduce the risk for in-stent restenosis compared…
Antegrade Wire Escalation: The Foundation of Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Abstract Antegrade wire escalation is the most easily understood and most widely used chronic total occlusion (CTO) crossing technique and is most appropriate for short occlusions or longer occlusions where…
When to Perform Chronic Total Occlusion Interventions
Abstract A coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO) is defined as a 100% occlusion of an artery with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 0 flow of at least 3 month duration….
Non–ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes
In this chapter, we have drawn from evidence-based guidelines, adopted the standard classification schemas used to grade the level of recommendation and strength of supportive evidence, and provided updated information…
Initial Evaluation and Approach to the Patient with Hypertension
Overview and Definitions Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 140 mm Hg or higher, a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 90 mm Hg or higher, or current use of antihypertensive…
Treatment of Ventricular Tachycardia and Cardiac Arrest
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) represents a major public health problem in the United States and throughout the world, with a frequently cited estimate of more than 300,000 adult sudden deaths…
Advances in Coronary Revascularization
Overview The field of coronary revascularization was revolutionized more than 50 years ago, when the first successful coronary artery bypass surgery was performed, followed shortly thereafter by the first percutaneous…
Implantable Devices for the Management of Heart Failure
After decades focused on pharmacologic management, the year 2001 ushered in a new era of implantable device therapies for the management of heart failure (HF) with the U.S. Food and…
Cardiovascular Disease and Lifestyle Modification
Because of the difficulty many patients have in improving their diet, physicians may be tempted to lose faith in a nonpharmacologic approach to the treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This…
