Introduction Chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) is a heterogeneous condition that encompasses patients with a history of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), patients with a history of coronary revascularization by percutaneous…
Introduction The indications for coronary revascularization among patients with chronic coronary heart disease evolve as the scientific information accumulates and technology advances. The benefits associated with prompt coronary revascularization in…
Introduction Despite a 31% decline in the death rate from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) (i.e., coronary heart disease [CHD] or stroke) between 2001 and 2011, ASCVD remains the cause of…
Introduction Great strides have been made in reducing morbidity and mortality from heart disease in recent decades. Despite this, coronary artery disease (CAD) rates remain unacceptably high. CAD is the…
Introduction The relationship between coronary heart disease (CHD) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) has long been recognized, with an initial description by Leonardo Da Vinci in the 15th century of…
Introduction Patients with diabetes mellitus—both type 1 and type 2—exhibit an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) with its sequelae of myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure. Compared to…
When noninvasive testing for coronary artery disease (CAD) is inconclusive or suggests significant pathology, invasive testing is necessary. X-ray coronary angiography provides an overview of the coronary circulation and in…
Introduction This chapter is focused on tools for risk assessment in patients with stable coronary heart disease. In general, patients with stable ischemic heart disease have a good prognosis. However,…
The Challenge of Noninvasive Test Selection for Stable Chest Pain The prevalence of angina is high in the general population and increases with age in both sexes, from approximately 3%…
Introduction The Context Medical therapy of stable angina aims to address the key factor mediating myocardial ischemia: oxygen supply/demand imbalance. Pain is not the only symptom that a patient with…
