Anomalous Systemic Venous Return
In this chapter, we deal with abnormalities of position and connection of the major systemic venous channels that drain to the heart, and also with abnormal persistence of the valves…
Isomerism of the Atrial Appendages
It has long been recognised that congenital absence of the spleen, or the presence of multiple spleens, is associated with severe congenital malformations of the heart. 1–3 Some of the…
Cross Sectional Echocardiographic and Doppler Imaging
Since the late 1970s, perhaps the most important change in the practice of clinical paediatric cardiology has been the introduction of cross sectional echocardiography, with this advance then being facilitated…
Hypoplasia of the Left Heart
Rather than being a single lesion, the entity usually described as hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a group of conditions with characteristic anatomical, physiological, and clinical properties. The earliest grouping…
Hypoplasia of the Right Ventricle
The right ventricle can be hypoplastic in various settings. It can be small in the presence of deficient ventricular or atrioventricular septation, producing so-called left ventricular dominance. The chamber can…
Interventional Techniques
Interventional cardiac catheterisation describes procedures where cardiac catheters are used to modify, palliate, or treat congenital or acquired cardiac disease. Evolution of interventional techniques has been a natural progression from…
Imaging and Functional Assessment by Novel Echocardiographic Techniques
Echocardiography has undergone major progress in recent years. While standard cross sectional echocardiography is still the most often used routine method for screening the anatomy of congenitally malformed hearts, and…
Division of Atrial Chambers
Division, or partitioning, of one of the atrial chambers is a rare malformation. Severe symptoms, or even death, may ensue if it is untreated. When recognised, and treated surgically, life…
The Principles of Management, and Outcomes for, Patients with Functionally Univentricular Hearts
In 1699, Chemineau 1 described a human fetus having an allegedly univentricular heart. Since then, the patients characterised as possessing functionally univentricular hearts have held a unique position among all…
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography
Echocardiography remains the most widely used diagnostic imaging modality in the assessment of patients with congenitally malformed hearts, owing to its portability and excellent temporal resolution, and the contrast provided…
