Key Points • Exercise stress testing is a safe procedure in asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic individuals and provides both diagnostic and prognostic information. • A growing body of literature supports…
Key Points • Most large prospective cohort studies show that regular, moderate consumers of alcohol have considerably lower risk for development of coronary heart disease and other types of CVD…
Key Points • Lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a highly prevalent condition in the United States. • The risk factors for PAD are similar to those for arterial…
Key Points • Treatment adherence is essential for the optimal control of cardiac risk factors. • Poor adherence, with subsequent adverse cardiac outcomes, is evident in hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking…
Key Points • Therapeutic options for treatment of patients to prevent cardiovascular disease events have increased at an exponential rate during the past quarter century. • The Institute of Medicine…
Key Points • Advances in vascular biology and imaging technology have greatly contributed to further elucidation of the complexities of vascular structure and function and the significance of the endothelium…
Key Points • Diabetes mellitus is a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. • The worldwide prevalence of diabetes is increasing, driven primarily by the rise in type 2…
Key Points • HDL-C is inversely correlated with coronary heart disease. • In addition to its pivotal role in reverse cholesterol transport, HDL possesses anti-inflammatory, fibrinolytic, and antioxidant properties. •…
Key Points • Increased levels of physical activity and exercise are associated with increased longevity and a decrease in cardiovascular disease risk factors, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. • By adding…
Key Points • Global risk assessment approaches for coronary heart disease, such as Framingham risk scores, underestimate long-term risks, especially in young men and postmenopausal women with multiple risk factors….
