Key Points • The complete axis of the RAAS along with intracellular RAAS components, alternative pathways, the kallikrein-kinin system, plasma renin and prorenin, and prorenin receptors play a significant role…
Key Points • Early lesions of atherosclerosis begin in childhood and are related to antecedent CVD risk factors. Environmental factors such as diet, obesity, and exercise and certain inherited dyslipidemias…
Key Points • Reducing high blood pressure, an important and the most common cardiovascular risk factor, prevents or delays the onset of many types of cardiovascular disease. • Measurement of…
Key Points • Six randomized trials of aspirin therapy for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease have demonstrated a 12% relative reduction in the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events….
Key Points • Risk estimation usually originates with observational studies of the incidence of coronary heart disease events over time. • Prediction of risk is dependent on accurate and precise…
Key Points • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States and other countries, accounting for more than half of all deaths. The burden of…
Key Points • Cardiovascular risk stratification must be improved, and biomarkers, genetic markers, and imaging provide the best avenue toward this improvement. • All currently available markers (biomarkers and genetic…
Key Points • The number of patients around the world with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has increased alarmingly. • Even mild to moderate worsening of kidney function has become an…
Key Points • Myocardial infarction, especially early-onset myocardial infarction, and blood lipid concentrations are partly heritable traits. • In genome-wide association studies of blood lipid concentrations, more than 30 chromosome…
Key Points • Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an ideal scenario for prevention efforts because (1) it is a common disease; (2) it is modifiable by behavior; (3) it has…
