The Peripheral Circulation in Heart Failure Anju Nohria Mark A. Creager The development and progression of myocardial failure are heralded by the activation of circulating neurohormonal systems that modulate both…
Cytokines as Mediators of Disease Progression in the Failing Heart Douglas L. Mann Since the original description of inflammatory cytokines in patients with heart failure in 1990 (1), there has…
Other Neurohormonal Systems Steven Goldsmith Bradley A. Bart Interference with the maladaptive consequences of imbalances in activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the adrenergic nervous system forms the bedrock…
Sympathetic Nervous System in Heart Failure G. Michael Felker Wilson S. Colucci Howard A. Rockman The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a central role in cardiovascular physiology by releasing endogenous…
The Renin-Angiotensin System Barry H. Greenberg Our understanding of the important role of the reninangiotensin system (RAS) in maintaining circulatory homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease has evolved…
Remodeling of the Cardiac Interstitium in Heart Failure Karl T. Weber Yao Sun Syamal K. Bhattacharya Robert A. Ahokas Ivan C. Gerling Chronic cardiac failure (CCF) is a major health…
Cellular, Molecular, and Structural Changes During Cardiac Remodeling Richard D. Patten Heart failure is associated with activation of neurohormonal and cytokine signaling pathways that alter the structure and function of…
Heart Failure with Normal Ejection Fraction Carolyn S. P. Lam Margaret M. Redfield Heart failure (HF) may be defined as the inability of the heart to pump adequate blood volume…
Abnormalities in Cardiac Contraction: Systolic Dysfunction Blase A. Carabello To sustain life, the heart must pump a cardiac output adequate to supply the tissues’ needs for nutrients. In providing this…
Abnormalities in Calcium Cycling in Heart Failure Judith Karen Gwathmey Federica del Monte Roger Joseph Hajjar The major abnormality in the failing heart is loss of contractility. The seemingly logical…
