Cardiac Investigations Exercise ECG A commonly used test involving a treadmill, blood pressure (BP) measurement, and continuous electrocardiograph (ECG) monitoring. Overall sensitivity for coronary heart disease is around 68% and…
Drugs for the Heart Antiplatelet agents Antiplatelet agents are used to reduce the risk of arterial thrombus formation by preventing platelet activation and aggregation. Antiplatelet agents have a role in…
Other Diseases in Children 13.1 Neuroblastoma Cause: Malignancy arising from cells of neural crest that form sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla Epidem: Most common malignant tumor of infancy (J Pediatr…
Diseases of the Testes and Scrotum in Children 12.1 Cryptorchidism (Undescended Testicle) Cause: Abnormality of testicular descent Epidem: One of most common disorders of childhood; affects 3.4% of full-term infants…
Diseases of the Penis in Children 11.1 Phimosis Cause: At birth, a physiologic phimosis is present in the majority of infants due to preputial adhesions Epidem: By age 3 yr,…
Diseases of the Urethra in Children 10.1 Posterior Urethral Valves Cause: Congenital anomaly that leads to urinary outflow obstruction. Three types of valves have been described. Type I: a pair…
Diseases of the Bladder in Children 9.1 Bladder Exstrophy Cause: Embryologic maldevelopment Epidem: There are 3.3 cases in 100,000 live births ( Tetralogy 1987; 36:221). Male:female ratio: 2.3:1 to 6:1…
Diseases of the Kidney and Ureter in Children 8.1 Renal Agenesis Cause: Embryologic anomaly that appears related to developmental anomaly of ureteric bud (Development 1996;122:1919). Generally thought to result from…
Diseases of the Penis 7.1 Balanitis and Balanoposthitis Cause: Inflammation of glans penis (balanitis) and prepuce (balanoposthitis). May be bacterial (Pediatr Dermatol 1994;11:168), intertrigo, irritant dermatitis, maceration injury, or candidal…
Diseases of the Prostate 6.1 Prostatitis Cause: Bacterial and nonbacterial etiologies Epidem: Prostatitis affects up to 50% of men at some point in their lives. Affects men of all ages…
