Treatment of Ventricular Tachycardias Sally-Ann Barker Clur Arja Suzanne Vink Nico A. Blom Hitoshi Horigome INTRODUCTION After establishing a diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia (VT), a major decision is to determine…
Treatment of Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias Stacy Ann Stratemann Killen Frank A. Fish INTRODUCTION The goal of fetal arrhythmia treatment is the vaginal delivery of a full-term, nonhydropic infant in sinus rhythm….
Channelopathies Hitoshi Horigome INTRODUCTION Cardiac channelopathies are a group of inheritable disorders that predispose fetuses with primarily structurally normal hearts to arrhythmias through the alteration of ion channel currents of…
Immune-Mediated Atrioventricular Block Helena M. Gardiner Bettina F. Cuneo INTRODUCTION Complete atrioventricular (AV) block was first described 119 years ago as “impaired atrioventricular syndrome.”1 The association of a slow heart…
Atrioventricular Block and Structural Cardiac Defects Fayeza Alrais Anita J. Moon-Grady INTRODUCTION Although the obstetrical definition of fetal bradycardia is a fetal heart rate (FHR) < 110 beats per minute…
Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias Stacy Ann Stratemann Killen Frank A. Fish INTRODUCTION The supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVT) include incessant and/or paroxysmal episodes of increased fetal heart rates ≥180 beats per minute (bpm). SVT…
Ventricular Tachycardias Sally-Ann Barker Clur Lisa K. Hornberger Arja Suzanne Vink Nico A. Blom INTRODUCTION Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a rare condition responsible for only 1% to 8% of fetal…
Echocardiography Lisa Willis Howley INTRODUCTION Fetal arrhythmias, accounting for ˜10% to 20% of referrals to fetal cardiologists, can be accurately diagnosed in the prenatal period.1,2,3,4 Clinical detection and diagnosis of…
Magnetocardiography Ronald Wakai INTRODUCTION Electrocardiography (ECG) is the gold standard for rhythm assessment; however, fetal ECG (fECG) is not used clinically for assessment of fetal rhythm due to its limited…
