Medications
In this chapter we discuss the following classes of medications that are commonly used in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: 1. Sedatives and analgesics 2. Vasodilators 3. Contrast media 4. Anticoagulants…
Monitoring
Monitoring the patient should be continually performed from the beginning to the end of the case, so that potential complications are promptly identified and corrected. The following parameters are assessed…
Cardiomyopathies
Cardiomyopathy is an umbrella term for a group of myocardial disorders characterized by a structural and functional abnormality of the heart muscle, which is not secondary to other causes such…
Mechanical circulatory support and heart transplantation
Mechanical circulatory support Despite recent progress in medical therapy, children with end-stage heart failure have limited treatment options. Mechanical circulatory support is used as a bridge to heart transplantation or…
Common genetic disorders associated with heart disease
Echocardiographic screening in patients with genetic disease plays an important role in daily practice. Early detection of possible cardiac complications is essential and enables prompt treatment. Some disorders have very…
Infective endocarditis (IE)
The term infective endocarditis (IE) refers to an infection of the endocardial surface of the heart, affecting the cardiac valves, mural endocardium, and septal defects. In most cases, the infection…
Diseases of the left ventricular outflow tract
The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) consists of three parts, i.e., the subvalvar, valvar, and supravalvar component. Obstruction to the blood flow can occur at any level but is most…
Normal transthoracic echocardiogram in a child
Transthoracic echocardiography is the first-line imaging modality for the diagnosis of congenital and acquired heart conditions in children. It allows a detailed morphological and functional examination of different cardiac structures….
Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA)
Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA) is a rare cardiac defect characterized by discordance at the atrio-ventricular and ventriculo-arterial level. This is due to an abnormal, leftward looping…
