There are two kinds of invasive procedures that are used in the practice of pediatric cardiology: diagnostic cardiac catheterization (including angiocardiography) and catheter intervention procedures (therapeutic cardiac catheterization). I. Cardiac…
Chest radiography was an essential part of cardiac evaluation before the echocardiographic (echo) studies became widely available to cardiologists. This simple test remains very useful to physicians who do not…
Introduction Angiographic procedures were first performed only months after Roentgen’s discovery of X-rays. Haschek and Lindenthal injected mercury salts into an amputated hand and created one of the first recorded…
Introduction The use of carotid artery stenting to treat carotid bifurcation stenosis remains a topic of recent investigation and vigorous debate regarding safety and efficacy. Multiple prospective randomized controlled trials…
Introduction Stenting of supra-aortic vessels has become a reasonable alternative or sometimes the treatment of choice for cases of athero-occlusive disease of the carotid, subclavian, innominate, and vertebral arteries. Protection…
Extracranial carotid artery occlusive disease is associated with the risk of stroke, disability, and death. The surgical treatment of carotid disease has undergone significant evolution from early attempts at carotid…
Introduction The Carotid Wallstent (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA) is one of the most used stents in the endovascular treatment of carotid stenosis, particularly because of its design, which allows excellent…
Introduction Subclavian steal phenomenon (or syndrome) originates from severe stenosis or occlusion of the proximal subclavian artery resulting in the reversal of blood flow in the ipsilateral vertebral artery (VA)…
Introduction Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is defined as atherosclerosis of the large intracranial arteries, namely the intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA), intracranial vertebral and basilar arteries, middle, anterior and posterior…
Introduction Accounting for 87% of all types of stroke, ischemic stroke has both fatal and disabling consequences for affected patients. Ischemic stroke remains the leading cause of long-term disability; however,…
