Peripheral Artery Disease
Peripheral Artery Disease Siddharth A. Wartak and Heather L. Gornik Lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a marker of systemic atherosclerosis and has been estimated to affect approximately 8…
Heart Failure with Normal Ejection Fraction
Heart Failure with Normal Ejection Fraction Andrew O. Zurick, III and Allan L. Klein Diastolic dysfunction refers to a functional abnormality of myocardial relaxation, distensibility, or filling in the diastolic…
Stable Angina: Diagnosis, Risk Stratifi cation, Medical Therapy, and Revascularization Strategies
Stable Angina: Diagnosis, Risk Stratification, Medical Therapy, and Revascularization Strategies Kellan E. Ashley and Conrad C. Simpfendorfer The syndrome of angina pectoris, first described in 1768 by William Heberden, is…
Prosthetic Valvular Disease
Prosthetic Valvular Disease Lawrence Lazar and James Thomas There are two major classes of prosthetic valves, mechanical and bioprosthetic (Fig. 36.1). Each specific valve within these groups has unique features…
Cardiovascular Physiology: Flow–Volume Loops
Cardiovascular Physiology: Flow–Volume Loops Ashley M. Lewis and Michael D. Faulx Understanding the factors that influence myocardial performance in normal and pathophysiologic states is essential for the cardiology boards. Myocardial…
Cardiac Neoplasms
Cardiac Neoplasms Michael Samara and Brian P. Griffin Primary cardiac tumors are rare occurring with a prevalence ranging from 0.001% to 0.03% in unselected autopsy series. Metastatic involvement of the…
Fundamentals of Doppler Echocardiography
Fundamentals of Doppler Echocardiography Andrew C.Y. To and L. Leonardo Rodriguez BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASOUND Sound waves are mechanical vibrations produced by a source that are transmitted through a medium…
Cardiovascular Drug Interactions
Cardiovascular Drug Interactions Michael A. Militello Drug interactions occur when the combination of two or more medications alters the pharmacokinetic parameters or changes the pharmacologic response of either drug. These…
Carotid Disease
Carotid Disease Amar Krishnaswamy and Mehdi Shishehbor Carotid atherosclerotic disease is an important cause of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA). Diagnosis is made using ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic…
