Health Disparities Related to Environmental Air Quality
Fig. 3.1 An image of London during the Great Smog of 1952 . The tall buildings in the background are completely masked by the thickly polluted air. Source: Getty Images…
Health Disparities as They Relate to Medication Adherence
Fig. 6.1 Classification of patient population relative to control and medication adherence For patients with poorly controlled asthma, medical treatment guidelines advise clinical intervention and stepping up therapy [48]. But…
Health Disparities in ARDS
Race Condition Reference African Americans Sepsis, pneumonia [11, 14, 24] Asians Aspiration, trauma [10, 11] Hispanics Sepsis, trauma [9, 11] Whites Surgery [9, 11] According to data from a National…
Sex-Specific Differences in Lung Cancer
Fig. 7.1 Trends i n death rates overall and for selected sites by sex, United States, 1930–2010. (Reprinted with permission from Siegel et al. [1]) Although the risk of death…
Women and COPD
Fig. 3.1 United States Smoking Rates (1974–2009) [9] Notes: (1) A current smoker is a person who has smoked at least 100 cigarettes and who now smokes. In 1992, the…
Sex Differences in Normal Pulmonary Structure and Function at Rest and During Exercise
Fig. 1.1 Fluctuations in ovarian and anterior pituitary hormones during a 28-day menstrual cycle. During the follicular phase (day 0–14), estradiol increases. In the end of the follicular phase, estradiol…
Sex Hormone Signaling in the Lung in Health and Disease: Airways, Parenchyma, and Pulmonary Vasculature
Fig. 2.1 Simplified overview of sex hormone steroidogenesis . Synthesis of progestogens (blue), androgens (green), and estrogens (yellow) from cholesterol (red). Enzymes are shown in orange boxes. Abbreviations: 3β-HSD 3-beta-hydroxysteroid…
Sex, Gender, and Asthma
Fig. 4.1 Prevalence of asthma in females and males at various ages . Graph is adapted from Carey, M. et al. [2] Women with asthma also have increased asthma-related mortality…
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Fig. 8.1 LAM diagnostic algorithm. An approach to diagnosis for women in whom LAM is suspected is presented. Open lung biopsy is the historic gold standard, though it may not…
Sex Hormones, Sex, Gender, and Pulmonary Hypertension
Type of Group 1 PAH Number of patients (% female) Ratio of females:males All patients with Group 1 PAH 2525 (79.5 %) 3.9:1 IPAH 1166 (80.3 %) 4.1:1 Drugs/Toxins-PAH 134…
