Signal Generation
Fig. 1.1 The generic process behind any modern medical imaging system, including MRI Nuclear Spin in a Magnetic Field Hydrogen has a nuclear property known as “spin” that results in…
CMR Pulse Sequences
Fig. 3.1 General structure of a CMR pulse sequence. The key components (magnetization preparation, respiratory navigation (NAV) and imaging (readout)) are defined within two consecutive R waves (i.e. within an…
Imaging Artifacts
Fig. 7.1 Breathing motion artifacts with two different phase-orders. This figure shows the artifacts caused by changes in respiratory position at different times during a breath-hold acquisition for an interleaved…
Stress Testing
Dobutamine Adenosine or regadenoson Severe systemic arterial hypertension (≥220/120 mmHg) Unstable angina pectoris Significant aortic valve stenosis (peak aortic valve gradient >50 mmHg or aortic valve area <1 cm2) Complex…
Flow Imaging
Fig. 16.1 A phase shift of the MR signal relative to static tissue is imparted to moving tissue (a, left) when a bipolar gradient is applied during signal acquisition (b,…
Non-contrast Enhanced MRA
Fig. 21.1 Diagrams showing the basic principles of 2D and 3D time of flight (TOF) angiography. A tortuous artery traversing through tissue is shown; arrows show the direction of arterial…
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Coronary Arteries
Fig. 17.1 Reformatted coronary MRI of the left coronary system acquired using a targeted free breathing acquisition with real time navigator gating and tracking in a healthy adult subject. The…
MRI Safety
Year 1982 1987 1997 2003 NSR field strength 2 T 2 T 4 T 8 Ta a4 T for infants less than 1 month of age MR Injuries and Deaths…
Cardiac Spectroscopy
Fig. 18.1 Diagrams of the RF transmit and receive and gradients of the STEAM (a) and PRESS (b) sequences. The data acquisition windows are ten times longer than shown in…
