Thoracic Key

Fig. 5.1 Reducing TR. Several different ways to reduce the TR in a standard Fast Low-Angle SHot (FLASH) sequence, shown in (a): Shorter gradient durations with higher gradient strengths can…

Fig. 10.1 GRE pulse sequence with resulting magnetization displayed at the bottom What Is the FID? Once the externally-applied RF signal has ended, H1 spins will realign such that the…

Fig. 12.1 Saturation recovery (90-Tsat-ACQ) Fig. 12.2 Inversion recovery (180-TI-ACQ) The most commonly used T1-weighted imaging sequence is the one used for evaluating myocardial viability with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE),…

Fig. 9.1 Simultaneous ECG (black), left ventricular pressure (blue) and volume (red) waveforms illustrate the electromechanical relationship of a cardiac cycle. The P wave represents atrial depolarization and occurs at…

Fig. 2.1 The acquisition and reconstruction process for MR imaging. Data is collected using RF receiver coils. Through the use of time varying gradients, the data are acquired in Fourier…

Fig. 1.1 The generic process behind any modern medical imaging system, including MRI Nuclear Spin in a Magnetic Field Hydrogen has a nuclear property known as “spin” that results in…

Fig. 3.1 General structure of a CMR pulse sequence. The key components (magnetization preparation, respiratory navigation (NAV) and imaging (readout)) are defined within two consecutive R waves (i.e. within an…

Fig. 7.1 Breathing motion artifacts with two different phase-orders. This figure shows the artifacts caused by changes in respiratory position at different times during a breath-hold acquisition for an interleaved…

Dobutamine Adenosine or regadenoson Severe systemic arterial hypertension (≥220/120 mmHg) Unstable angina pectoris Significant aortic valve stenosis (peak aortic valve gradient >50 mmHg or aortic valve area <1 cm2) Complex…

Fig. 16.1 A phase shift of the MR signal relative to static tissue is imparted to moving tissue (a, left) when a bipolar gradient is applied during signal acquisition (b,…