Ischemic Stroke
Minutes Energy failure Excitotoxicity Increase in intracellular Ca2+, Na+, Cl− Peri-infarct depolarization Diffusion of glutamate and K+ in the extracellular space Cell swelling Hours Generation of reactive oxygen species Oxidative…
Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases
MI Stroke Risk ratio (95 % CI) Risk ratio (95 % CI) SLE 2.25 (1.37–3.68) 2.29 (0.85–6.15) RA 2.10 (1.52–2.89) 1.91 (1.73–2.12) SSc 1.82 (1.40–2.36) 1.43 (1.12–1.83) Systemic vasculitis…
Chronic Kidney Disease
Markers of kidney damage (one or more) Albuminuria Urine sediment abnormalities Electrolyte and other abnormalities due to tubular disorders Abnormalities detected by histology Structural abnormalities detected by imaging History of…
Contrast-Enhanced MR Angiography
where is the longitudinal relaxation time of blood without Gd, T 1 is the shortened longitudinal relaxation time of blood in the presence of Gd, and R 1 is the…
Spatial, Temporal Resolution and Signal-to-Noise Ratio
(4.1) where S0(x,y) represents the object, x and y are the image-domain position or distance variables in centimeters, and kx and ky are the spatial frequency domain variables (the frequency…
Fast Imaging
Fig. 5.1 Reducing TR. Several different ways to reduce the TR in a standard Fast Low-Angle SHot (FLASH) sequence, shown in (a): Shorter gradient durations with higher gradient strengths can…
Cardiac Cine Imaging
Fig. 10.1 GRE pulse sequence with resulting magnetization displayed at the bottom What Is the FID? Once the externally-applied RF signal has ended, H1 spins will realign such that the…
Tissue Characterization: T1, T2 and T2* Techniques
Fig. 12.1 Saturation recovery (90-Tsat-ACQ) Fig. 12.2 Inversion recovery (180-TI-ACQ) The most commonly used T1-weighted imaging sequence is the one used for evaluating myocardial viability with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE),…
Principles of ECG Gating for CMR
Fig. 9.1 Simultaneous ECG (black), left ventricular pressure (blue) and volume (red) waveforms illustrate the electromechanical relationship of a cardiac cycle. The P wave represents atrial depolarization and occurs at…
