Views and Structures
Figure 2.1 Image of the heart showing the right parsternal, parasternal, apical and subcostal windows as they relate to the cardiac structures Transducer positions and related echocardiographic images for parasternal…
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) Imaging
Advantages Disadvantages Non invasive Contraindicated in patients with certain brain aneurysm clips, ferromagnetic shrapnel in eyes, pacemakers and ICDs No ionizing radiation (useful for serial follow up studies especially in…
Chamber Dimensions
Normal Mildly enlarged Moderately enlarged Severely enlarged LVEDD (cm) 4.2–5.8 5.9–6.3 6.4–6.8 >6.8 LVEDD/BSA(cm/m2) 2.2–3.0 3.1–3.3 3.4–3.6 >3.6 LVESD (cm) 2.5–4.0 4.1–4.3 4.4–4.5 >4.5 LVESD/BSA (cm/m2) 1.3–2.1 2.2–2.3 2.4–2.5…
Nuclear Cardiology Imaging
Figure 17.1 Most common protocols for stress tests and viability evaluation [1] The stress test images consist of (Figs. 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, and 17.5): Figure 17.2 Raw images showing the…
Echocardiography in Systemic Diseases
Figure 14.1 Parasternal long (left) and apical four chamber (right) views of a patient with Amyloidosis. Please notice thickened walls of both ventricles, speckled appearance of myocardium (better seen in…
Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Disease
Figure 15.1 Transesophageal echo (mid-esophageal view) showing ascending aortic aneurysm (7.28 cm) Acute aortic dissection starts with a tear in the aortic intima following which blood enters the tear separating…
Basics of Agitated Saline Contrast (“Bubble”) and LV Opacification Contrast Studies
Figure 16.1 Agitated saline contrast (“Bubble”) study in patient with PFO. The left image is done with rest, the right one is done during Valsalva maneuver. Notice the increased shunting…
Basics of Ultrasound Physics
, where c – speed of sound λ – wavelength, υ – frequency Speed in media is proportional to density and elasticity (which is proportional to temperature). Thus sound travels…
Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves
Figure 6.1 Shows types of prosthetic valves. (a) Bovine pericardial stented valves; (b) Mechanical Bileaflet (St Jude Medical Regent, Carbomedics Standard, Medtronic Advantage); (c) Single tilting disk (Bjork Shirley, Medtronic-Hall);…
Positron Emission Tomography
Perfusion Glucose metabolism Category Preserved Preserved Viable Reduced Preserved Mismatch (viable hibernation) Reduced Reduced Match (non-viable) Preserved Reduced Reverse mismatch (altered regional glucose metabolism) References 1. Shaw LJ, Min JK,…
