Thoracic Key

Molecule Molecular weight (kDa) Normal levels Concentration in advanced CKD Potential contribution to vascular injury Adiponectin 30 <11 mg/L >15 mg/L Low levels associated with vascular injury, high concentrations may…

Fig. 10.1 Pathway of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis The role of endothelial dysfunction in the progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events has been shown in several clinical studies. Endothelial dysfunction…

Study Long-term condition Design (location) Psychological distress assessment method Number of participants (n) or studies (k) Prevalence (95 % confidence intervals) Depression Moussavi et al. [29] Coronary Heart Disease Observational…

Fig. 3.1 Sudden cardiac death rate according to stage of chronic kidney disease. Rates shown as events per 1,000 patient-years and were as follows: eGFR ≥60 ml/min, 3.8 (95 %…

Fig. 8.1 Estimated prevalence of elevated Pi, PTH and FGF23 across the strata of chronic kidney disease. FGF23 is an early biomarker of renal dysfunction, and its increase precedes the…

Fig. 9.1 Mechanisms involved in renal congestion in heart failure How Does Renal Congestion Lead to Worsening of Renal Function? As suggested above venous congestion (including renal vein) is an…

Compounds Adverse clinical cardiorenal outcomes Cardiac effects Vascular effects Renal effects Indoxyl sulfate Progression of CKD [26, 27] Increased collagen synthesis in NCF [34] Defective endothelial proliferation and wound repair…

Fig. 14.1 Diagnostic algorithm of PH Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension The World Health Organization (WHO) has condensed all forms of PH into five main groups [8] (Table 14.1). Group I…