Fig. 18.1 Calcineurin/NFAT signaling plays a central role in the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy. This pathway is an excellent example to illustrate how numerous molecules can act as modifiers…
Fig. 7.1 Sudden death rates in the general population, post-myocardial infarction (MI) and in patients with reduced ejection fraction [6] 7.3 Mechanisms of Sudden Death in Heart Failure Ventricular arrhythmias…
Reference # trained Change in peak VO2 Change in QOL Morbidity and mortality Belardinelli [8] 36 15 % No difference Belardinelli [15] 50 2.9 ml/kg/min Improved Improved McKelvie [17] 90…
Fig. 3.1 Schematic depiction of the interrelated and (usually) opposing neurohormonal mechanisms/systems activated in acute and in chronic HF and their (patho)physiological actions for the circulation. LV left ventricular, CO…
Fig. 1.1 ACCF/AHA stages of HF according to risk and symptoms (Reproduced with permission from JACC [5]) NYHA classes focus on exercise capacity and symptoms of HF (see Chap. 9):…
Fig. 13.1 MicroRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. The figure illustrates the contribution of selected miRNAs to remodeling of the heart. Manipulation of these miRNAs may hinder the…
Fig. 6.1 Innervation of the heart by the autonomic nervous system – from central to peripheral inputs. The sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagus) nerves are marked. Vagus afferents (sensory nerves) are…
Fig. 5.1 Signaling pathways of α- and β-adrenergic receptors. Note that α2AR is not expressed in cardiomyocytes. β2AR can be coupled with both Gαs and Gαi. Other receptors are coupled…
(1) The Molecular Cardiology and Neuromuscular Institute, Highland Park, NJ, USA Abstract Mitochondria are not generated de novo but grow and divide adding newly synthesized constituents to preexisting mitochondrial…
(1) The Molecular Cardiology and Neuromuscular Institute, Highland Park, NJ, USA Abstract Both clinical studies and animal models have shown that mitochondria are at the center of the pathophysiology…
