Drug class Main mechanism of action Preload Afterload ACEi Reduced conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II ↓↓ ↓↓ ARB Inhibition of angiotensin II AT-1 receptors ↓↓ ↓↓ Beta-blockers Inhibition…
Fig. 4.1 Excitation–contraction coupling: Ca2+ cycling is regulated by transporters and channels on the plasma membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum. Under pathological conditions, such as hypertrophy and heart failure, defects in…
Coronary artery disease other than atherosclerosis Arteritis Luetic Granulomatous (Takayasu disease) Polyarteritis nodosa Mucocutaneous lymph node (Kawasaki) syndrome Disseminated lupus erythematosus Rheumatoid spondylitis Ankylosing spondylitis Trauma to coronary arteries Laceration…
1 Secondary prevention Clinical history of ASCVD 2 Primary prevention LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL, age ≥21 years 3 Primary prevention Diabetes: age 40–75 years, LDL-C 70–189 mg/dL 4 Primary prevention No…
Fig. 10.1 The schematic illustrates the main structural components of a striated muscle cell sarcomere. Thin filaments (I bands) are composed of actin monomers and tropomyosin. The thick filaments (A…
Fig. 18.1 Calcineurin/NFAT signaling plays a central role in the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy. This pathway is an excellent example to illustrate how numerous molecules can act as modifiers…
Fig. 7.1 Sudden death rates in the general population, post-myocardial infarction (MI) and in patients with reduced ejection fraction [6] 7.3 Mechanisms of Sudden Death in Heart Failure Ventricular arrhythmias…
Reference # trained Change in peak VO2 Change in QOL Morbidity and mortality Belardinelli [8] 36 15 % No difference Belardinelli [15] 50 2.9 ml/kg/min Improved Improved McKelvie [17] 90…
Fig. 3.1 Schematic depiction of the interrelated and (usually) opposing neurohormonal mechanisms/systems activated in acute and in chronic HF and their (patho)physiological actions for the circulation. LV left ventricular, CO…
Fig. 1.1 ACCF/AHA stages of HF according to risk and symptoms (Reproduced with permission from JACC [5]) NYHA classes focus on exercise capacity and symptoms of HF (see Chap. 9):…
