Fig. 17.1 Metabolic changes in advanced heart failure. Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, and cardiac arrhythmia can lead to heart failure. In end-stage heart failure, typical…
Fig. 39.1 Mechanism of action of methyldopa involving conversion to alpha-methylnorepinephrine and therein stimulation of central α2-adrenoreceptors and a reduction in sympathetic outflow Table 39.1 Pharmacokinetics of centrally acting drugs…
Step 1. Assess and address adherence to therapy Step 2. Rule out measurement error and white-coat effect Step 3. Consider associated comorbidities Step 4. Reconsider secondary causes Step 5. Address…
Fig. 36.1 Ang II-induced G protein-dependent and G protein-independent signal transduction. Ang II signaling through AT1 receptors is coupled to Gαq, activating PLC-β. This leads to generation of IP3 and…
Locus name SNP Chr Position (hg18) Phenotype References CASZ1 rs880315 1 11 Mb SBP/DBP [10] MTHFR-NPPB rs2272803 1 12 Mb SBP/DBP [10] ST7L-CAPZA1-MOV10 rs2932538 1 113 Mb SBP/DBP [10] MDM4…
Fig. 49.1 Drugs withdrawn from market between 1990 and 2006 based on overall mechanism of toxicity. The category “QT-Torsades” represents QT interval prolongation and torsade de pointes, while the category…
Fig. 41.1 Schematic representation of therapeutic algorithm proposed by ESH/ESC guidelines on hypertension (Modified from Mancia et al. [12]) Fig. 41.2 Schematic representation of therapeutic algorithm proposed by JNC 8…
Fig. 40.1 Physiology of vascular smooth muscle contraction and relaxation and mechanism of action of various vasodilators. This figure shows a simplified version of vascular smooth muscle physiology. Activation of…
Fig. 26.1 Nitric oxide biosynthesis and signal transduction in the vasculature. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis occurs in endothelial cells following a reaction catalysed by the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) converting…
Fig. 35.1 Baroreflex circuit. The arterial baroreceptors are mechanoreceptors located in the carotid sinuses (innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve, IX) and aortic arch (innervated by the vagus nerve, X) that…
