Fig. 12.1 Physiological changes in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy. From: Ashrafi R, Curtis SL. Heart Disease and Pregnancy. Cardiol Ther. 2017 Dec;6(2):157–173. Open Access, Springer Healthcare Hemodynamic fluctuations are…
12 Valvular Regurgitation Basic Principles Etiology and Severity of Valve Regurgitation Vena Contracta Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area Regurgitant Volume Regurgitant Orifice Area Distal Flow Reversals Continuous-Wave Doppler Signal Aortic Regurgitation…
9 Cardiomyopathies, Hypertensive, and Pulmonary Heart Disease Cardiomyopathies General Step-by-Step Approach Measure Left Ventricular Chamber Size and Systolic Function Evaluate for the Presence and Pattern of Ventricular Hypertrophy Assess Left…
3 Transesophageal Echocardiography Step-By-Step Approach Clinical Data TEE Protocol Basic Examination Principles Imaging Sequence Left Ventricle Left Atrium and Atrial Septum Mitral Valve Aortic Valve and Ascending Aorta Coronary Arteries…
2 The Transthoracic Echocardiogram Step-By-Step Approach Clinical Data Patient Positioning Instrumentation Principles Data Recording Examination Sequence Parasternal Window Long-Axis View Right Ventricular Inflow View Right Ventricular Outflow View Short-Axis View…
7 Ventricular Diastolic Filling and Function Basic Principles Step-By-Step Approach Measure Left Ventricular Inflow Velocities Record Left Atrial Inflow Record Tissue Doppler at the Mitral Annulus Measure the Isovolumic Relaxation…
16 Diseases of the Great Arteries Basic Principles Step-By-Step Approach Transthoracic Echocardiography Record Blood Pressure Aortic Sinuses and Ascending Aorta Descending Thoracic Aorta Proximal Abdominal Aorta Aortic Arch Decide If…
10 Pericardial Disease Step-By-Step Approach Pericardial Effusion Record Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Evaluate for the Presence of Pericardial Fluid Evaluate the Distribution of Pericardial Fluid Estimate the Size of…
14 Endocarditis Basic Principles Step-By-Step Approach Review the Clinical Data Choose Transthoracic and/or Transesophageal Echocardiography Examine Valve Anatomy to Detect Valvular Vegetations Evaluate Valve Dysfunction Due to Endocarditis Evaluate for…
18 Intraoperative and Interventional Echocardiography Step-By-Step Approach Preoperative Data Review Hemodynamic Changes and Surgical Instrumentation Baseline Data Acquisition Postprocedure Data Acquisition Interpret and Communicate Findings Intraoperative TEE Monitoring Left Ventricular…
