Grade Definition Valve anatomy Valve hemodynamicsa Hemodynamic consequences Symptoms A At risk of MR • Mild mitral valve prolapse with normal coaptation • Mild valve thickening and leaflet restriction • No MR jet…
Mechanism of MR and type of dysfunction Cause of mitral regurgitation (e.g., of lesion) Ischemic Nonischemic Organic/primary Type I • Infectious/endocarditis (perforation) • Degenerative (annular calcification) • Congenital (cleft leaflet) Type II Ruptured…
Absolute and relative contraindications for transcatheter aortic valve replacement Absolute contraindications Absence of a “heart team” and no cardiac surgery on the site Appropriateness of TAVI as an alternative to…
Fig. 9.1 3 D TEE of a patient demonstrating impingement of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve (TV) by a defibrillator lead (arrow) as viewed from the atrial aspect…
Fig. 4.1 Illustration and aortogram of an aneurysm of the ascending aorta. From Milewicz [5], reprinted with permission from Springer Nature Aortic valve insufficiency often occurs as the aorta dilates….
Fig. 1.1 This aortic valve was formed with two rather than the usual three cusps. This congenital bicuspid valve is subject to abnormal mechanical factors often leading to fibrosis, calcification,…
Velocity (m/s) Mean gradient (mmHg) AVA (cm2) LV thickness (mm) 2010 2.6 14 1.7 9 2012 2.8 18 1.6 9 2014 3.0 24 1.4 9 2015 3.2 28 1.3…
Mild Moderate Severe Aortic valve area (cm2) >1.5 1.0–1.5 <1.0 Mean pressure gradient (mmHg) <20 20–39 >40 According to the 2014 AHA/ACC guidelines, indications for aortic valve replacement (AVR)…
Fig. 3.1 Early steps in bacterial valve colonization . (a) Colonization of damaged epithelium: exposed stromal cells and extracellular matrix proteins trigger deposition of fibrin-platelet clots to which Streptococci bind…
Fig. 2.1 Pathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever (ARF). In susceptible individuals, ARF develops as a delayed, noninfectious consequence of prior streptococcal pharyngitis. The initial event is a febrile illness due…
