MRI/CT: Evaluation of Brain Damage in Hypertension
White matter hyperintensity Cerebral microbleeds Recent small subcortical infarct Lacunes Dilated perivascular space Usual diameter Variable ≤10 mm ≤20 mm 3–15 mm ≤2 mm Comment Located in the white…
Glomerular Filtration Rate in Renal Damage
Fig. 15.1 Relationship between serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, creatinine clearance, and stages of CKD Recently, serum levels of cystatin C, a free housekeeping protein ubiquitous in many cellular systems,…
Evaluation of Cardiac Damage in Hypertension: Echocardiography
LV mass indexed to BSA, g/m2 < 96 in women,< 116 in men (when BMI 30 kg/m2) LV mass indexed to height 2.7, g/m 2.7 < 45 in women,<49 in men (when BMI > 30…
Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)
Mild stenosis: 0.9–0.7 Moderate stenosis: 0.6–0.5 Severe stenosis: lower than 0.5 Measuring an ABI has also been used in large-scale studies to detect PAD in the population or at the…
Other Techniques for Neurological Damage Evaluation
The measurement of VMR by TCD has been shown to be a valuable noninvasive instrument for both practical clinical work and pathophysiological research in the field of stroke and cerebrovascular…
Other Methods to Assess Renal Damage
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015Enrico Agabiti Rosei and Giuseppe Mancia (eds.)Assessment of Preclinical Organ Damage in Hypertension10.1007/978-3-319-15603-3_16 16. Other Methods to Assess Renal Damage Josep Redon1, 2 , Gernot Pichler1 and Fernando Martinez1 (1) Hypertension Unit, Internal Medicine,…
Proteinuria-Microalbuminuria in Renal Damage
Fig. 14.1 Factors related to the prevalence of microalbuminuria in hypertension (see text for explanation) 14.4 Change with Treatment Considering the large intraindividual variability of UAE excretion, assessment of significant…
Other Techniques for the Assessment of Small Artery Damage in Hypertension
Fig. 13.1 Evaluation of small retinal artery morphology by scanning laser Doppler flowmetry and automatic full-field perfusion imaging analysis: example of the program output (Clinica Medica, University of Brescia; Reproduced…
Capillaroscopy
Fig. 12.1 Representative image of videocapillaroscope (Courtesy of DS Medica) It is performed at room temperature after 15–20 min of acclimatization of the patient in a sitting position on both…
Pulse Wave Velocity and Central Blood Pressure
Year of first publication Device Methods Measurement site Regional stiffness 1984a Complior® Mechanotransducer Aorta, cf PWVb 1990a Sphygmocor® Tonometer Aorta, cf PWVb 1991 WallTrack® Echo-tracking Aorta, cf PWVb 1994 QKD…
