Perioperative Management of Pulmonary Hypertension
Fig. 19.1 Top panel. Right ventricular (RV) and pulmonary arterial (PA) pressures before and after compression of the left PA in an experimental animal (swine). Changes in both the amplitude…
Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
Fig. 6.1 Chest X-ray showing reduced vascular markings throughout left lung caused by large pulmonary embolism Transthoracic echocardiography is often the first objective indication as to the presence of elevated…
Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension
3.1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3.2 Interstitial lung disease 3.3 Other pulmonary diseases with mixed restrictive and obstructive pattern 3.4 Sleep-disordered breathing 3.5 Alveolar hypoventilation disorders 3.6 Chronic exposure to…
Prostacyclin Therapy for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Fig. 13.1 Survival among the 41 patients treated with epoprostenol and the 40 patients receiving conventional therapy. Data on patients who underwent transplantation during the 12-week study were censored at…
Pulmonary Hypertension in Chronic Heart and Lung Disease
Fig. 5.1 Group 2 pulmonary hypertension subcategories (left heart disease). Reproduced with permission [1] Table 5.1 Definitions used in the description of pulmonary hypertension Nomenclature Description Physiologic definition Hemodynamic criteria…
The Pulmonary Circulation
Fig. 1.1 A reproduction of Galen’s scheme. In Galen’s schema, the venous, arterial, and nervous systems, with the liver, heart, and brain as their respective centers, were separate, and each…
Modulation of cGMP Synthesis and Metabolism
Fig. 15.1 Vascular synthesis of cGMP. Cyclic GMP can be synthesised by two distinct mechanisms: NO-stimulated sGC activity and natriuretic peptide-triggered pGC turnover. Therapeutically, sGC-mediated cGMP generation can be recapitulated…
Endothelin Receptor Antagonists
Fig. 14.1 Effect of bosentan on the primary endpoint of change in 6-min walk distance at week 16 from the BREATHE-1 trial. Based on a placebo-corrected improvement in walk distance…
Approach to the Patient with Elevated Pulmonary Arterial Pressure
Group Subgroup 1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) 1.1. Idiopathic PAH 1.2. Heritable 1.2.1. BMPR2 1.2.2. ALK1, endoglin, SMAD9, CAV1, KCNK3 1.2.3. Unknown 1.3. Drug- and toxin-induced 1.4. Associated with 1.4.1….
Pulmonary Hypertension in Critically Ill Patients
Fig. 18.1 Right ventricular pressure–volume curve from normal subject (a) and from patient with increased right ventricular afterload (b). Adapted from Redington et al. [7] Coronary perfusion also differs between…
