Temperature Cellular effect −5°C to −15°C Formation of extracellular crystals causing compression and cell deformity <−15°C slow cool Efflux of intracellular fluid which results in cellular dehydration and toxic increase…
Tracheal measurement Males (n = 40) Females (n = 20) All (n = 60) Males versus females statistics Length (mm) Difference between means 6.8 Mean ± standard deviation 105.1 ±…
Fig. 17.1 View of the trachea with the unsheated probe. An image interpretation is not possible Fig. 17.2 The radial EBUS probe inside the water-fillable balloon sheath, filled and unfilled…
Primary airway tumors Metastases Primary tracheal carcinoma Bronchogenic Adenoid cystic carcinoma Renal cell carcinoma Carcinoid Metastatic melanoma Mucoepidermoid tumor Breast Chondrosarcoma Thyroid Bronchogenic carcinomas Prostate Esophageal cancer Sarcoma Thyroid cancer…
Fig. 40.1 Injured subglottic airway displays mucosal ulceration and incomplete reepithelialization (arrows) with hemorrhagic areas and collagen deposition. This altered healing process may lead to airway stenosis Etiology and Pathogenesis…
Fig. 20.1 Radial ultrasound miniprobe (20 MHz UM-S20-17S, Olympus Inc, Tokyo, Japan) introduced via a guide sheath through the working channel of a flexible bronchoscope. On the right, guide sheath…
Fig. 21.1 Principles of autofluorescence: green fluorescence is emitted by normal bronchial tissue when excited by blue light, cancer shows decreased green fluorescence due to increased epithelial thickness and vascularity…
Fig. 19.1 Linear EUS-FNA scope (Hitachi-Pentax FG 34 UX) with a convex linear array ultrasound transducer, sheet, and 22-gauge needle Esophageal ultrasound is performed in fasting patients lying in a…
Fig. 22.1 Principle of confocal microscopy using point illumination and pinhole detection Confocal microscopy that was initially used in gastroenterology utilized a miniaturized scan head located on the distal end…
Class 1 Nonsignificant Small < 10 mm thick on decubitus CXR No thoracentesis needed Class 2 Typical parapneumonic > 10 mm thick Glucose > 40 mg/dl, pH > 7.20 LDH…
