Direct Indirect Pulmonary infections Sepsis Inhalations Multiple trauma Pulmonary contusions Blood transfusion Aspiration Severe burns Mechanical ventilation Pancreatitis Major surgery Ischemia-reperfusion injury Significant overlap exists between the regulation of normal…
Fig. 8.1 Potential uses of biomarkers in asthma Table 8.1 Biomarker thresholds used for the selection of targeted asthma therapies (a) and effect of targeted therapies on biomarkers and clinical…
Fig. 14.1 Overlap between difficult-to-control and severe asthma 14.2.1 Asthma Masqueraders Asthma mimics are common and typically poorly or unresponsive to conventional asthma management and therapies. The differential diagnosis for…
Fig. 12.1 Prevalence of asthma in adult women and men in the United States from ∗Akinbamai et al. [1] and ∗∗ Wang et al. [2] Obesity is associated with increased…
Purpose of a high-risk clinic Address diagnostic uncertainties Recognize and manage factors that make asthma “difficult to treat” Persistent triggers Suboptimal adherence and inhaler technique Uncontrolled comorbidities Optimize self-management skills…
Fig. 7.1 The five adult clinical cluster phenotypes from the Severe Asthma Research Program (SARP) with the predominant clinical characteristics. (Reprinted with permission of the American Thoracic Society. Copyright ©…
Most common agents for occupational asthma Workers at risk of exposure Isocyanates Rigid or flexible polyurethane foam makers, polyurethane foam insulation installers, urethane spray painters, users of adhesives Flour Bakers,…
Fig. 9.1 Induction of TH2 cells . TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33 produced by respiratory epithelium on exposure to respiratory allergens, pollutants, or viruses promote the induction of allergen-specific TH2 cells….
Parameter Changes in pregnancy Respiratory rate Unchanged Minute ventilation Increases by 30–50% Tidal volume (Vt) Increases by 40% Oxygen consumption Increases by 20% Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) Unchanged…
Fig. 11.1 Practical therapeutic approach to non-eosinophilic asthma. (LAMA Long-acting antimuscarinic antagonist, LABA Long-acting beta agonists, SABA Short-acting beta agonists, TSLP Thymic stromal lymphopoietin) The first step is to confirm…
