Disorders of acid–base balance
1.5 Disorders of acid–base balance Metabolic acidosis A metabolic acidosis is any process, other than a rise in PaCO2, that acts to lower blood pH. It may occur through accumulation…
Common ABG values
1.8 Common ABG values The following parameters are commonly found on ABG reports and are provided for reference (normal ranges in brackets): H+ (35–45 nmol/L) < 35 = alkalaemia, >45…
When and why is an ABG required?
1.7 When and why is an ABG required? 1 To establish a diagnosis The ABG is integral to the diagnosis of respiratory failure and primary hyperventilation. It also identifies the…
Introduction
1.1 Introduction Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis refers to the measurement of pH and the partial pressures of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in arterial blood. From these values…
Leonardo’s Heart
(1) Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK Abstract Leonardo’s heart studies from the years about 1513 to 1514 represent the pinnacle of his anatomical…
Leonardo’s Use of Drawing
(1) Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK Abstract The need to draw is deeply rooted in our psyche. The intellectual energy of the mind…
The Making of a Master: Leonardo, His Life and Times
(1) Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK Abstract Late one evening, in the springtime of 1452, in the low foothills of Montalbano, northwestern Tuscany,…
Leonardo, Anatomist or Natural Philosopher?
(1) Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK Abstract No other subject engaged Leonardo more than his work on the anatomy of the human body….
Leonardo: A Personal Legacy
(1) Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK Abstract In this chapter, I will attempt to explain why and how my interest in Leonardo’s anatomical…
