Homeostatic system Action time Blood buffer systems Immediate (fraction of second) Lung (ventilation regulation) 1–15 min Kidney (alkaline or acid urine elimination) Hours–days Blood buffer systems have an immediate action…
(BP stands for blood pressure). MAP is a more accurate index of perfusion in nearly all body tissues except for the coronary perfusion bed in which the diastolic blood pressure…
Fig. 1.1 The apex of the heart when viewed from above in systole and diastole; note the position of the valves and their relationships The heart is a muscular organ;…
Score Clinical term +4 Combative +3 Very agitated +2 Agitated +1 Restless 0 Alert and calm −1 Drowsy −2 Light sedation −3 Moderate sedation −4 Deep sedation −5 Unarousable (Sessler…
Fig. 9.1 This figure shows atrial fibrillation with undulating atrial activity and irregular ventricular response 9.1.2 Pathogenesis The mechanism of postoperative AF is not well described and is probably multifactorial….
Anticoagulant Half-life (t1/2)/dose Monitoring Discontinue prior to surgery (days)/reversal agent Dabigatran (Pradaxa®). https://www.pradaxa.com/. Accessed 17 July 2012 12–17 h in healthy subjects No readily available method CrCl ≥50 mL/min: 1–2…
A multivariable logistic regression model conforms to the following formula: In which A 0 is a constant, n is the number of explanatory variables, A n are the coefficients of…
Fig. 12.1 Roller pump 12.1.2.2 Centrifugal Pump In plastic housing, a complex of plastic cones coupled magnetically to an electric motor. They rotate rapidly; by creating a pressure gradient between…
Fig. 11.1 A schematic representation of thoracic paravertebral block, demonstrating the spine body and other parts of the spine, spinal cord, and its nerve roots and the location where paravertebral…
Patient-related factors 1. Risk factors related to patient pathophysiologic status CPB-related inflammatory response Intraoperative hypoperfusion Intraoperative cerebral oxygenation status Intraoperative anesthetics used during operation 2. Risk factors related to underlying…
