Thoracic Key

Fig. 2.1 Illustration showing the three components of LV “afterload” and their measurements. The non-pulsatile or static component is total peripheral resistance or mean arterial pressure and the dynamic or…

Vasoconstriction Vasodilation Angiotensin II Natriuretic peptides Arginine-vasopressin Kinin-kallikrein system Catecholamines Medullipine system Endothelin Adrenomedullin Prostaglandins Estrogens Insulin Nitric Oxide 10.2.1 Renin-Angiotensin System The systemic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is central to…

Keith-Wagener-Barker classification Simplified (Wong-Mitchell) classification Grade Features Grade Features 1 Mild generalized retinal arteriolar narrowing None No detectable signs 2 Definite focal narrowing and arteriovenous nipping Mild Generalized arteriolar narrowing,…

Fig. 19.1 Main clinical features of Marfan syndrome. (a) Aortic root dilatation; (b) ectopia lentis; (c) skeletal abnormalities In the absence of a family history of MFS, the diagnosis is…

Stage GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) HT Kidney damage CKD CVD risk  Glomerular filtration rates 1 ≥90 + 0 0 ± ≥90 ± + + + 2 60–89 0 0 ± ±…

Fig. 12.1 The endothelium is responsible for a number of physiological functions, including (1) regulation of vascular tone, (2) control of blood fluidity and coagulation, and (3) regulation of inflammatory…

Fig. 26.1 Central aortic pressure-flow relations. Volumetric flow into the aorta is assessed by multiplying left ventricular outflow tract flow velocity (a) and area computed from diameter (b). The resulting…

Fig. 16.1 Risks factors and mechanisms that plausibly link diabetes with vascular disease. ROS reactive oxygen species, NO nitric oxide 16.2.1 Endothelial Dysfunction The endothelium has a central role in…

Fig. 9.1 Diagram demonstrating how proinflammatory and pro-fibrotic mechanisms impact on vascular inflammation and remodelling in vascular injury. Oxidative stress plays an important role in vascular injury. Biomarkers of these…