Menopause and Cardiovascular Risk
Fig. 5.1 Estrogen and the heart. In healthy premenopausal women estrogen may promote vasodilatation, reduces smooth muscle cell proliferation and prevents cardiac hypertrophy. Adapted from Menazza S et al. Circ…
Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention in Women
Fig. 11.1 Secondary prevention target achievements among women and men hospitalized for a coronary event in 24 European countries. Data from the EUROASPIRE IV survey, adjusted for age, educational level,…
Cardiotoxicity During and After Breast Cancer Treatment
Fig. 7.1 CVD and breast cancer deaths in women. Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [1999–2013] Fig. 7.2 Patient surveillance in treatment for breast cancer In this paper…
Sex and Gender Differences in Psychosocial Risk Factors for Ischemic Heart Disease
Fig. 13.1 Number of people with either depression (a) or anxiety (b) per 1000 persons. Data obtained via CBS Statline (2011), representing Dutch physician registries in 2011 [5] Both depression…
Stable Ischemic Heart Disease Beyond Stenoses: Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
Type of MCD Description Primary MCD: MCD in the absence of obstructive CAD and myocardial disease This type is related to traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Both endothelial dependent and non-endothelial…
The Critically Ill Female Patient
Study Study type Aim Main findings Dates Patients Additional findings Romo et al. [1] Retrospective analysis mixed medical and surgical ICU Evaluate difference in mortality between genders and between medical…
Heart Failure in Women: Is There a Typical Female Type?
1. Symptoms and/or signs Symptoms Signs Breathlessness, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, reduced exercise tolerance, fatigue, tiredness Elevated jugular venous pressure, hepatojugular reflux, third heart sound, peripheral edema, pulmonary crepitations 2….
Stroke and Cognitive Disorder in Women
Fig. 12.1 (a) The incidence of stroke is higher in men compared to women. The incidence was significantly lower for women in 2013 compared to 1990. As mortality is declining…
Heart Valve Disease in Women
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017Angela H.E.M. Maas and C. Noel Bairey Merz (eds.)Manual of Gynecardiology10.1007/978-3-319-54960-6_9 9. Heart Valve Disease in Women Eva Gerdts1 (1) Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway …
Post-RV-PA Conduit Repair
(i) Pulmonary atresia or stenosis • PA-VSD with or without MAPCAs • TGA-III • ccTGA (ii) Truncus arteriosus (iii) Absent pulmonary valve syndrome (iv) Miscellaneous • Ross procedure (aortic stenosis or regurgitation) • Yasui procedure…
