Transthoracic Echocardiography
1. Symptoms or conditions potentially related to suspected cardiac etiology including but not limited to chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, TIA, stroke, or peripheral embolic event 2. Prior testing…
Biventricular Pacing
Indication Strength of indication Sinus rhythm, LVEF ≤35 %, LBBB, QRS duration ≥150 ms, and NYHA class II, III, or ambulatory IV symptoms Class I Sinus rhythm, LVEF ≤35 %,…
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance
Indication Class Arrythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia I Siderotic cardiomyopathy (in particular thalassemia) I Dilated cardiomyopathy I Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (apical) I Non compaction cardiomyopathy II Ventricular thrombus II Constrictive pericarditis II…
Endomyocardial Biopsy
Fig. 35.1 Panel (a) Fluoroscopic view (top) of bioptome (arrow) in an incorrect position. Echocardiography (bottom) documents that the tip of the bioptome (arrow) is positioned against the right ventricular…
Procedural Sedation
Minimal sedation Moderate sedation/analgesia (conscious sedation) Deep sedation/analgesia General anesthesia Responsiveness Normal response to verbal stimulation Purposeful response to verbal or tactile stimulation Purposeful response after repeated or painful…
Exercise Stress Testing
Fig. 4.1 The ischemic cascade: represent the magnitude of ischemia in relation to the increasing duration of ischemia. The initial changes seen are perfusion abnormalities detected with nuclear myocardial perfusion…
Tilt Table Testing
Fig. 20.1 The patient is secured on a padded table with may be placed in a variety of positions, as opposed to position Technique Multiple protocols have been developed varying…
Pharmacologic Stress Testing
Fig. 6.1 Auto-regulation of flow in normal and hyperemic states (Adapted from Gould et al. [3]). At rest, coronary flow rate is approximately 1 ml/g/min. As coronary stenosis worsens to…
Cardiac Computed Tomography (CT)
1 Detection of CAD in intermediate risk symptomatic patients without known heart disease 2 Detection of CAD in low risk symptomatic patients without known heart disease who are unable to…
Contrast Echocardiography
Fig. 3.1 Bubble study with Saline injection showing the presence of a PFO with saline bubbles opacifying the right-sided chambers and multiple bubbles passing into the left cardiac chambers (arrow)…
