Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Ali J. Marian INTRODUCTION Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disorder of cardiac myocytes that is diagnosed by the presence of cardiac hypertrophy, not explained by secondary causes;…
Dilated Cardiomyopathy Reema Hasan Taylor Alexander Lebeis Supriya Shore Monica Mechele Colvin INTRODUCTION Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle, which can include dilatation and impaired contraction of one…
Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction John M. Suffredini Savitri E. Fedson INTRODUCTION A variety of structural or functional cardiac abnormalities can result in the clinical condition of heart failure…
Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Tyler Moran Anita Deswal Arunima Misra INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the number one cause of death worldwide.1 Although there have been major advances…
Heart Failure Pathophysiology Luise Holzhauser Paul J. Mather INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATIONS Regardless of the etiology, heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome that results from any structural or functional…
Genetics of Cardiomyopathies Gary S. Beasley Hugo Martinez Jeffrey A. Towbin INTRODUCTION Primary cardiomyopathies, which include dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), and left…
Heart Failure: Epidemiology, Characteristics, and Prognosis Justin Ezekowitz INTRODUCTION Heart failure (HF) is a major public health problem affecting up to 2% of the population and ˜10% of elderly individuals…
Lead Extraction Munish Kannabhiran Noel G. Boyle INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY The use of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) has increased dramatically over the last few decades, with almost 1.2 to…
Permanent Cardiac Pacemakers Carlos Macias INTRODUCTION The history of cardiac implantable electrical devices (CIEDs), and specifically cardiac pacemakers indicated for the management of bradyarrhythmias, dates back 60 years to the…
Sudden Cardiac Arrest Yuliya Krokhaleva Marmar Vaseghi INTRODUCTION Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is defined as the cessation of all mechanical activity of the heart resulting in the absence of circulation…
