Investigation of bradycardias
Sinus bradycardia Sinus rates less than 60 beats per minute (bpm) are defined as bradycardia in adults. , Lower rates are common in well-trained athletes and occasionally in the young….
Vascular access and catheter placement
Patient preparation Patients should be studied in the postabsorptive state and after beta blockers or other antiarrhythmic agents have been discontinued for at least 5 days. Amiodarone should be withdrawn…
Cardiac anatomy for the electrophysiologist
Some of the descriptive terms conventionally used for cardiac structures are inaccurate. Conventionally the heart and its associated structures have been described in accordance with their position when the heart…
Electrophysiology hardware
Electrode catheters Basic mapping catheters Catheters used for electrophysiology studies (EPSs) and ablation are composed of multiple insulated wires encased in woven Dacron or polyurethane. Electrodes used in electrophysiology (EP)…
Electrophysiologic mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis
Normal excitation of the heart Cardiac electrical activity starts by the spontaneous excitation of “pacemaker” cells in the sinoatrial node in the right atrium. Pacemaker automaticity is due to spontaneous…
Classification of arrhythmias
Bradyarrhythmias are due to sinus nodal disease ( Box 1.1 ) or atrioventricular conduction block ( Box 1.2 ). Box 1.1 Sinus Node Dysfunction (with accompanying symptoms) Sinus bradycardia Sinoatrial…
Tracking Outcomes Following Lymphedema Treatments
Key Points • Surgical success can be defined as the downgrading of the patient’s lymphedema grades with improved symptoms, at least a 10% decrease in circumferential difference, a decrease in…
Future Perspectives in Lymphatic Microsurgery
Lymphedema Milestons and Globalization Lymphedema Milestones in Diagnosis and Treatment The surgical and microsurgical treatment of lymphedema is rapidly evolving with new techniques, improved outcome reporting, and descriptions of more…
Excisional Procedures: Debulking Procedures
Key Points • Treatment of advanced lymphedema remains a challenge in reconstructive surgery. Surgical management with excisional procedures is indicated in select patients when conservative measures have failed. • Based…
Evidence-Based Assessment and Outcomes Following Lymphedema Treatment
Key Points • Complete decongestive therapy remains the only lymphedema treatment that is supported at the highest level of evidence. • Health-related quality of life (QOL) is a multidimensional construct…
