Echocardiographic screening in patients with genetic disease plays an important role in daily practice. Early detection of possible cardiac complications is essential and enables prompt treatment. Some disorders have very…
The term infective endocarditis (IE) refers to an infection of the endocardial surface of the heart, affecting the cardiac valves, mural endocardium, and septal defects. In most cases, the infection…
The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) consists of three parts, i.e., the subvalvar, valvar, and supravalvar component. Obstruction to the blood flow can occur at any level but is most…
Transthoracic echocardiography is the first-line imaging modality for the diagnosis of congenital and acquired heart conditions in children. It allows a detailed morphological and functional examination of different cardiac structures….
Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA) is a rare cardiac defect characterized by discordance at the atrio-ventricular and ventriculo-arterial level. This is due to an abnormal, leftward looping…
Diseases of the tricuspid valve form a wide range of anomalies that range from benign to critical conditions. Some of these malformations are unsuitable for the creation of a biventricular…
The term “defects of the atrio-ventricular septum” (AVSDs) refers to a variety of cardiac anomalies characterized by the presence of a common atrio-ventricular (AV) junction . This key morphological feature…
The mitral valve is a complex structure that consists of several components, each of which plays a fundamental role in its function. These include the mitral annulus, anterior and posterior…
The atrial septation starts with the development of septum primum, which is followed by the formation of septum secundum. Subsequently, both septae fuse and thus form the interatrial septum. This…
Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are very common and account for approximately 20%–30% of congenital heart defects, often as part of complex lesions. From the anatomical point of view, the interventricular…
