Channelopathies Hitoshi Horigome INTRODUCTION Cardiac channelopathies are a group of inheritable disorders that predispose fetuses with primarily structurally normal hearts to arrhythmias through the alteration of ion channel currents of…
Immune-Mediated Atrioventricular Block Helena M. Gardiner Bettina F. Cuneo INTRODUCTION Complete atrioventricular (AV) block was first described 119 years ago as “impaired atrioventricular syndrome.”1 The association of a slow heart…
Atrioventricular Block and Structural Cardiac Defects Fayeza Alrais Anita J. Moon-Grady INTRODUCTION Although the obstetrical definition of fetal bradycardia is a fetal heart rate (FHR) < 110 beats per minute…
Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias Stacy Ann Stratemann Killen Frank A. Fish INTRODUCTION The supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVT) include incessant and/or paroxysmal episodes of increased fetal heart rates ≥180 beats per minute (bpm). SVT…
Ventricular Tachycardias Sally-Ann Barker Clur Lisa K. Hornberger Arja Suzanne Vink Nico A. Blom INTRODUCTION Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a rare condition responsible for only 1% to 8% of fetal…
Echocardiography Lisa Willis Howley INTRODUCTION Fetal arrhythmias, accounting for ˜10% to 20% of referrals to fetal cardiologists, can be accurately diagnosed in the prenatal period.1,2,3,4 Clinical detection and diagnosis of…
Magnetocardiography Ronald Wakai INTRODUCTION Electrocardiography (ECG) is the gold standard for rhythm assessment; however, fetal ECG (fECG) is not used clinically for assessment of fetal rhythm due to its limited…
Electronic Monitoring Rachel L. Rodel Henry L. Galan INTRODUCTION The two most common obstetrical means to assess fetal well-being are electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring and the biophysical profile…
Genetics of Fetal Arrhythmias Susan Etheridge Lindsay Meyers INTRODUCTION The fetus of a normal pregnancy was delivered emergently by cesarean delivery at 31 weeks’ gestation for bradycardia which was thought…
