Fig. 8.1 Accelerated cardiovascular pathology in the setting of renal failure Despite continued advancements in understanding and managing CVD and ESRD, we simply do not fully understand the intersection of…
Fig. 15.1 Schematic for assessment of clinical profiles. Congestion was assessed by the presence of orthopnea, jugular venous distention, rales, hepatojugular reflux, ascites, peripheral edema, leftward radiation of the pulmonic…
Fig. 6.1 Overview of the pathophysiology of renal insufficiency in HFREF. (a) Organ-specific factors: Reduction in RBF and increased (renal) venous pressure, resulting in increased renal interstitial pressure (directly opposing…
Fig. 12.1 Approach to hyponatremia in heart failure Sodium Depletion Versus Plasma Dilution The presence of clinical signs reflecting hypovolemia and/or intensive diuretic regiments may suggest sodium depletion. If in…
Fig. 10.1 Forrest plots of worsening versus improved renal function, defined as a change in serum creatinine >0.3 mg/dL. The graph demonstrates the wide range of hazard ratios, both statistically significant…
Acetazolamide Loop diuretics Thiazide-like diuretics MRAs (diuretic dose) Amiloride Furosemide Bumetanide Torasemide Azosemidea Metolazone Hydrochlorothiazide Chlortalidone Chlorothiazide Spironolactone Eplerenone Potassium canrenoate Site of action Proximal tubule Thick ascending limb…
Fig. 7.1 Mechanisms of impaired renal function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction Table 7.1 Pathophysiologic mechanisms of cardiorenal interactions Traditional cardiovascular risk factors Smoking Obesity Hypertension Diabetes Dyslipidaemia…
