Thoracic Key

Absolute and relative contraindications for transcatheter aortic valve replacement Absolute contraindications Absence of a “heart team” and no cardiac surgery on the site Appropriateness of TAVI as an alternative to…

Fig. 9.1 3 D TEE of a patient demonstrating impingement of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve (TV) by a defibrillator lead (arrow) as viewed from the atrial aspect…

Fig. 4.1 Illustration and aortogram of an aneurysm of the ascending aorta. From Milewicz [5], reprinted with permission from Springer Nature Aortic valve insufficiency often occurs as the aorta dilates….

Fig. 1.1 This aortic valve was formed with two rather than the usual three cusps. This congenital bicuspid valve is subject to abnormal mechanical factors often leading to fibrosis, calcification,…

  Velocity (m/s) Mean gradient (mmHg) AVA (cm2) LV thickness (mm) 2010 2.6 14 1.7 9 2012 2.8 18 1.6 9 2014 3.0 24 1.4 9 2015 3.2 28 1.3…

  Mild Moderate Severe Aortic valve area (cm2) >1.5 1.0–1.5 <1.0 Mean pressure gradient (mmHg) <20 20–39 >40 According to the 2014 AHA/ACC guidelines, indications for aortic valve replacement (AVR)…

Fig. 3.1 Early steps in bacterial valve colonization . (a) Colonization of damaged epithelium: exposed stromal cells and extracellular matrix proteins trigger deposition of fibrin-platelet clots to which Streptococci bind…

Fig. 2.1 Pathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever (ARF). In susceptible individuals, ARF develops as a delayed, noninfectious consequence of prior streptococcal pharyngitis. The initial event is a febrile illness due…

Fig. 7.1 Mitral valve anatomy . This diagram illustrates the valve and supporting structures. From Asgar et al. [1]. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier Papillary muscle displacement results from global…

Fig. 12.1 Physiological changes in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy. From: Ashrafi R, Curtis SL. Heart Disease and Pregnancy. Cardiol Ther. 2017 Dec;6(2):157–173. Open Access, Springer Healthcare Hemodynamic fluctuations are…