Scheuermann’s Kyphosis
9 Scheuermann’s Kyphosis Francis Lovecchio, Michael E. Steinhaus, and Han Jo Kim Abstract Scheuermann’s kyphosis was first described in 1921 in Europe and remains a relatively common condition encountered by…
Clinical Presentation of Thoracic Spinal Compression
4 Clinical Presentation of Thoracic Spinal Compression Bridget T. Carey Abstract The thoracic segment of the spine has unique anatomical and neuroanatomical features that differentiate it from the cervical spine…
Spondyloarthropathies
15 Spondyloarthropathies Navika Shukla, Allen Ho, Arjun V. Pendharkar, Eric S. Sussman, and Atman Desai Abstract Ankylosing spondylitis is a spondyloarthropathy consisting of degenerative and inflammatory changes of the spinal…
Approach to Aortic Valve Disease
Fig. 5.1 A cartoon of the histology of the initial plaque of aortic stenosis is demonstrated. There is a remarkable similarity to the atherosclerotic plaque of coronary artery disease with…
Assessment of Primary Mitral Valve Disease: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Medical and Surgical Therapy
Grade Definition Valve anatomy Valve hemodynamicsa Hemodynamic consequences Symptoms A At risk of MR • Mild mitral valve prolapse with normal coaptation • Mild valve thickening and leaflet restriction • No MR jet…
Approaches to Mitral Valve Repair and Replacement
Mechanism of MR and type of dysfunction Cause of mitral regurgitation (e.g., of lesion) Ischemic Nonischemic Organic/primary Type I • Infectious/endocarditis (perforation) • Degenerative (annular calcification) • Congenital (cleft leaflet) Type II Ruptured…
