Myocardium and Development
A functional myocardium is necessary for viability during embryonic and fetal development. As such, the heart is the first functional organ because its ability to distribute essential nutrients to the…
Pharmacologic Intervention in the Fetus
Introduction With the arrival of echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), providing the means of noninvasively detecting and monitoring anomalies occurring during pregnancy, the fetus has increasingly become the target…
Terminology
Introduction It might reasonably be thought that those who diagnose and treat patients with congenitally malformed hearts would, by now, have reached consensus concerning the most appropriate way of describing…
Etiology of Congenital Cardiac Disease
Perhaps one of the most vexing aspects of congenital cardiac disease is the current inability to explain its origin. Environmental causes have been invoked, and until recently only scant evidence…
Circulatory Assist Devices in Heart Failure
Outline Acute Cardiogenic Shock, 649 Devices, 650 Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump, 650 TandemHeart, 651 Impella, 651 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, 652 Indications for Implantable Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices, 653 Patient Selection for…
Cardiac Imaging in Heart Failure
Outline Definition of Heart Failure, 418 Epidemiology of Heart Failure, 418 Objectives of Cardiac Imaging in Heart Failure, 419 Cost of Imaging Tests, 419 Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction…
Management of Comorbidities in Heart Failure
Outline Anemia and Iron Deficiency, 687 Definitions, Prevalence, and Outcomes, 687 Diagnosis of Anemia, 688 Treatment, 689 Summary/Conclusions, 691 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 691 Definitions, Prevalence, and Outcomes, 691 Pulmonary…
Heart Transplantation
Outline Evaluation and Management of Heart Transplant Candidates 631 Indications for Transplant 631 Evaluation of the Heart Transplant Candidate 631 The Heart Transplant Procedure 633 Donor Heart Evaluation and Management…
Decision Making and Palliative Care in Advanced Heart Failure
Outline Medical Decision Making, 705 Risk Assessment and Expectations for the Future, 706 Categories of Major Treatment Decisions, 707 Low-Intensity Interventions That May Improve Quantity and Quality of Life, 707…
