Anomalous Systemic Venous Return
Introduction This chapter deals with abnormalities of position and connection of the major systemic venous channels that drain to the heart. We also discuss abnormal persistence of the valves of…
Isomerism of the Atrial Appendages
Key WordsIsomerism, heterotaxy, asplenia, polysplenia, functionally univentricular, Kawashima, Fontan, Glenn, ciliary dyskinesia Introduction It has long been recognized that congenital absence of the spleen, or the presence of multiple…
Division of Atrial Chambers (“Cor Triatriatum”)
Introduction Division, or partitioning, of one of the atrial chambers is a rare malformation. Severe symptoms, or even death, may result if this condition is untreated. When recognized and treated…
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
Regular exercise is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Physical activity in some developed countries has diminished for a variety of reasons as society has trended away from outdoor…
Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Youth
Autopsy studies have demonstrated that atherosclerosis, the pathologic basis for coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular events, begins in childhood and is associated with the presence of modifiable and nonmodifiable cardiovascular…
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography: Diagnostic Imaging, Image Management, and Assessment of Physiology and Function
Introduction Noninvasive cardiovascular imaging plays a fundamental role in the clinical history of patients with congenital heart diseases (CHDs) and acquired cardiac conditions, from antenatal diagnosis to long-term follow-up in…
Pediatric Cardiovascular Data, Analysis, and Critical Appraisal of the Literature
Introduction In recent years the volume and variety of pediatric cardiovascular data captured across various sources have continued to expand. These datasets are increasingly being integrated and used for a…
Diagnostic Catheterization, Including Adults With Congenital Cardiac Disease
Introduction An understanding of the anatomy, physiology, and alternative treatment strategies for congenital heart defects is essential to provide the appropriate patient care. This includes an understanding of the guideline…
Surgical Techniques
Surgical Approaches to the Heart A variety of incisions are used in cardiac surgery. The majority of pediatric cardiac surgeries are performed through two incisions: the median sternotomy and the…
Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
Introduction Appreciation of complex intracardiac anatomy and spatial relationships is inherent to the diagnosis of congenitally malformed hearts. Until recently, the ability of the clinician to image the heart by…
