Introduction: The “Fontan Pathway”
Gil Wernovsky James S. Tweddell In the late 1960s, two surgical teams (one led by François Fontan in Bordeaux, France, the other by Guillermo Kreutzer in São Paolo, Brazil) concurrently introduced what…
Systemic Hypertension
Introduction Systemic hypertension remains one of the most common cardiovascular diseases in adults. Over the past decade, several publications have highlighted the increasing prevalence of hypertension in children and young…
Pulmonary Stenosis
This chapter discusses pulmonary stenosis as an isolated finding. When pulmonary stenosis exists as part of a more complex anomaly, such as tetralogy of Fallot, the reader is directed to…
Cardio-oncology
Introduction Over the past several decades there have been significant improvements in the care of patients diagnosed with cancer, particularly in the pediatric age range. There are more than 15.5…
Cardiologic Aspects of Systemic Disease
Cardiac involvement in systemic disease can broadly be divided into those conditions where the heart is involved in the disease process itself and those where a structural or functional cardiac…
Double-Outlet Ventricle
Introduction Double-outlet ventricle is no more than an abnormal ventriculoarterial connection. Therefore the feature may occur with each atrial arrangement, any atrioventricular connection, and all possible variations of ventricular morphology….
Abnormal Positions and Relationships of the Heart
Introduction An abnormally positioned heart is not in itself a malformation of major significance. Such abnormal positioning, for example, can be secondary to a deformity or defect of the chest…
Congenital Anomalies of the Aortic Valve and Left Ventricular Outflow Tract
Introduction It is well recognized that obstruction within outflow tract of the morphologically left ventricle may be above the arterial valve, at the level of the valve itself, or in…
Coarctation and Interrupted Aortic Arch
Introduction Coarctation derives from the Latin term coartatio , which translated literally means “a drawing together.” Aortic coarctation, therefore, indicates a narrowing at some point along the course of the…
Diseases of the Mitral Valve
The scope of this chapter is restricted to congenital lesions of the mitral valve. Anomalies of the mitral valve may also be caused by (or associated with) other congenital heart…
