Thoracic Key

Prosthetic valves Fig 5.1 Flow chart of perioperative assessment of prosthetic valves. CFD, color flow Doppler; PWD, pulsed wave Doppler. (From Oxorn D, Intraoperative Echocardiography, Elsevier, 2012; p. 97, fig….

Normal variants CASE 11-1 Left atrial appendage TEE is often requested before electrical cardioversion or catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation to evaluate the left atrial appendage for the presence of…

In addition to standard cardiopulmonary bypass during cardiac surgery, there now are several options for longer-term mechanical circulatory support ranging from a simple intraaortic balloon pump to a total artificial…

Aortic valve anatomy CASE 3-1a Normal trileaflet aortic valve Fig 3.1 Intraoperative TEE in a short-axis view (left) shows the closed aortic valve and the orientation of the three cusps:…