Heart Failure Prevention
Key Points • Heart failure prevalence continues to rise in the United States and is projected to become worse with aging of the population. • Recent therapeutic advances in heart…
Molecular Biology and Genetics of Atherosclerosis
Key Points • Atherogenesis and contributing factors may be conceptualized in steps, including initiation of endothelial activation and inflammation, promotion of foam cell formation, progression of complex plaques, and precipitation…
Antihypertensive Drugs and Their Cardioprotective and Renoprotective Roles in the Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Disease
Key Points • The complete axis of the RAAS along with intracellular RAAS components, alternative pathways, the kallikrein-kinin system, plasma renin and prorenin, and prorenin receptors play a significant role…
Evaluation and Management of Dyslipidemia in Children and Adolescents
Key Points • Early lesions of atherosclerosis begin in childhood and are related to antecedent CVD risk factors. Environmental factors such as diet, obesity, and exercise and certain inherited dyslipidemias…
Hypertension: JNC 7 and Beyond
Key Points • Reducing high blood pressure, an important and the most common cardiovascular risk factor, prevents or delays the onset of many types of cardiovascular disease. • Measurement of…
Antiplatelet Therapy
Key Points • Six randomized trials of aspirin therapy for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease have demonstrated a 12% relative reduction in the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events….
Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease: Framingham Risk Estimation and Beyond
Key Points • Risk estimation usually originates with observational studies of the incidence of coronary heart disease events over time. • Prediction of risk is dependent on accurate and precise…
National and International Trends in Cardiovascular Disease: Incidence and Risk Factors
Key Points • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States and other countries, accounting for more than half of all deaths. The burden of…
Novel Biomarkers and the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk
Key Points • Cardiovascular risk stratification must be improved, and biomarkers, genetic markers, and imaging provide the best avenue toward this improvement. • All currently available markers (biomarkers and genetic…
Advanced Risk Assessment in Patients with Kidney and Inflammatory Diseases
Key Points • The number of patients around the world with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has increased alarmingly. • Even mild to moderate worsening of kidney function has become an…
