Aortopulmonary Window; Hemitruncus
Abstract Aortopulmonary (AP) window is a very rare congenital heart disease resulting from a defect in the shared wall between the great arteries during embryogenesis. There are four major types…
Truncus Arteriosus
Abstract Persistent truncus arteriosus is a relatively rare cardiac anomaly, occurring in 0.4% to 4% of individuals with congenital heart disease. The condition is characterized by a single arterial trunk…
Heart Disease and Connective Tissue Disorders
Abstract In recent years there has been a growing awareness of and focus on connective tissue diseases (CTDs) and associated cardiovascular pathology, particularly in children. These diseases are hereditary disorders…
Mitral Valve Disease
Abstract Congenital mitral valve disease is rarely seen in isolation. It is more commonly associated with complex congenital defects, including Shone’s complex, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, transposition of the great…
Ventricular Septal Defects
Abstract Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) remain one of the commonest indications for surgery among infants and children with congenital heart disease. With advancements in echocardiography, there remains a very limited…
Coarctation of the Aorta
Abstract Coarctation of the aorta is a common form of congenital heart disease. Presentation, evaluation, and treatment of coarctation of the aorta is different in neonates and infants compared with…
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Abstract Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart defect that can exist as an isolated lesion or as a component part of many other congenital heart defects. A PDA…
Atrioventricular Septal Defects
Abstract Atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs), also referred to as atrioventricular canal defects, endocardial cushion defects, and atrioventricular communis, represent a spectrum of congenital heart disease. They are characterized by a…
Vascular Rings and Pulmonary Artery Sling
Abstract Vascular rings and pulmonary artery sling refer to congenital anatomic anomalies of the great vessels that cause compression of the trachea and esophagus. Congenital tracheal stenosis and/or tracheomalacia is…
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
Abstract: Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVR) is a rare lesion with the pulmonary veins commonly connecting to a venous confluence that ultimately drains to the desaturated atrial chamber. Long-term…
