PATIENT CASE Print Section Listen An 85-year-old man with a history of tobacco use, hypertension, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, prior cerebrovascular accident, previous myocardial infarction (MI), coronary artery…
PATIENT CASE Print Section Listen A 62-year-old man with past medical history significant for childhood rheumatic fever presents with chronic dyspnea that has progressed over the past 6 months. He…
PATIENT CASE Print Section Listen A 31-year-old man is referred for evaluation of severe pulmonary regurgitation. He has a history of tetralogy of Fallot with AV canal defect, initially repaired…
PATIENT CASE Print Section Listen A 70-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with worsening shortness of breath on minimal exertion over the past 6 months. He has a…
PATIENT CASE Print Section Listen An 84 year-old woman with hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic renal insufficiency (estimated glomerular filtration, rate 38 mL/min/1.73 m2) also has paroxysmal atrial…
PATIENT CASE Print Section Listen An 88-year-old man with a history of hypertension, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and coronary artery disease with a remote inferior myocardial…
PATIENT CASE Print Section Listen A 63-year-old man arrives in the emergency department with acute shortness of breath. His past medical history is remarkable for well-controlled hypertension. On admission, his…
PATIENT CASE Print Section Listen A 74-year-old man with severe aortic stenosis and oxygen-dependent lung disease was referred for treatment of aortic valve disease. His past medical history was significant…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen In 1912, James Herrick reported the first description of left main coronary artery (LMCA) occlusion when he described the case of a 55-year-old man who died…
DEFINITION AND PREVALENCE Print Section Listen Coronary chronic total occlusions (CTOs) are defined as coronary lesions with Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) grade 0 flow of at least 3 months…
